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TCP / IP Reference Model

TCP/IP is a great turn from the OSI reference model. It is the reference model used in the parent of all computer network, the ARPANET, and it is successor, the world wide internet.

The ARPANET was research network sponsored by the DOD (V.S. Department of defence). It is eventually connected 100 of Universities and Govt. Installations using leased telephones lines. When satellite and radio network were added later, the existing protocols had trouble inter-working with them, so a new reference (model) architecture was needed. Thus the ability to connect multiple networks together in a seamless way was one of the major design goals from the very beginning. This architecture later becomes TCP/IP reference model, after its two primary protocols.

In other words, DOD wanted connections to remain intact as long as the sources and destination machines were functioning, even if some of the machines or transmission lines in between were suddenly put out of operation. Further more, a flexible architecture was needed, since applications with divergent requirement were envisioned ranging from transferring files to real time speech transmission.

TCP/IP model does not have presentation and session layer TCP/IP models define only four layers. They are:

1. The host-to-network layer
2. Internet layer
3. Transport layer
4. Application layer
   

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